"Classe média" para a indústria cultural / "Middle Class" in the cultural industry / "Classe moyenne" pour l'industrie culturelle / La "clase media" para la industria cultural

Este artigo retoma pesquisas anteriores para refletir sobre a noção de "classe média" no meio publicitário e de marketing, noção muito usada para definir a audiência da televisão, mídia de grande repercussão nacional. O período dos anos 1970 a 2000, pesquisado anteriormente, auxilia a compreensão de como se formou o mercado consumidor nacional e o que tem sido propagado pela imprensa escrita como uma mudança social (uma ampliação e formação de uma nova classe média), mas sugiro que a "nova classe C" representa apenas a ampliação do consumo de bens industrializados. Para tanto, recorro a pesquisas anteriores feitas sobre o mercado anunciante de TV, o meio publicitário e de marketing, e a lógica da pesquisa de audiência de TV, como feita pelo Ibope.

This article revisits earlier research to reflect on the notion of "middle class" in the advertising and marketing contexts. The idea of middle class is often used to set the television audience, the larger media in Brazil in terms of national impact. The period of 1970 to 2000 previously searched assists in understanding how a domestic consumer market was formed and what has been propagated by the popular press as a social change (an expansion and formation of a new middle class), but I suggest that "new C class" represents only the increase in consumption of manufactured goods. For that, I turn to previous research done on the TV advertising market, advertising and marketing medium, and the logic of TV audience research, as conducted by Ibope.

Cet article revient sur des recherches antérieures à réfléchir sur la notion de "classe moyenne" dans le concept de mi lieu de publicité et de marketing souvent utilisé pour définir le public de la télévision, les plus grand média d'impact national. La période de 1970 à 2000 auparavant recherché passes compréhension de la façon dont il a formé le marché de la consommation domestique et qui a été propagée par la presse populaire et changement social (l'expansion et la formation d'une nouvelle classe moyenne), mais je suggère que la "nouvelle classe C "ne représente que l'augmentation de la consommation de produits manufacturés. Pour ça, je m'adresse à des recherches antérieures effectuées sur le marché de la publicité télévisée, la publicité et support marketing, et la logique de la recherche de l'auditoire de la télévision, comme menée par Ibope.

Este artículo retoma investigaciones anteriores para reflexionar sobre el concepto de "clase media" en el medio de publicidad y de marketing que se utiliza para establecer la audiencia de la televisión, grande medio de comunicación de im pacto nacional. El período de 1970 a 2000, investigado anteriormente, ayuda en la comprensión de cómo se formó el mercado de consumo interno y que ha sido propagado por la prensa escrita como un cambio social (una expansión y formación de una nueva clase media), pero sugiero que la "nueva clase C" representa sólo el aumento en el consumo de bienes manufacturados. Para eso me baso en investigaciones anteriores realizadas sobre el mercado de la publicidad en televisión, el medio publicista y el de marketing, y la lógica de la investigación de audiencias de la tele, como hechas por Ibope (Instituto Brasileño de Opinión Pública y Estadística).

Autorreporte de exposición a publicidad y promoción de tabaco en una cohorte de fumadores mexicanos / Tobacco advertising and promotions: changes in reported exposure in a cohort of Mexican smokers

OBJETIVO: Determinar en población fumadora el nivel de exposición a la mercadotecnia de la industria tabacalera (IT), a través de diferentes métodos de promocionar sus productos, antes y durante la publicación de la Ley General para el Control del Tabaco (LGCT) en 2008. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de cohorte en fumadores adultos (n=941 pre-LGCT y n=1 051 post-LGCT) de cuatro ciudades mexicanas. Se realizaron análisis multivariados mediante modelos de ecuaciones de estimación generalizada (GEE). RESULTADOS: Se incrementó el autorreporte de recepción de muestras gratis de cigarros (3.7 a 8.1%), ropa o artículos con marcas o logos (3.6 a 6.4%), haber visto información sobre eventos especiales (1.9 a 4.7%), y publicidad en bares y discotecas para mayores de edad (21.4 a 28%). Se observaron decrementos de publicidad en exteriores (54.7 a 47.2%). CONCLUSIÓN: Es necesaria una política integral con prohibiciones totales de la publicidad y promoción de los productos de tabaco que integre mayor vigilancia y sanciones para lograr la disminución y prevención del consumo de tabaco.

OBJECTIVE: To determine in a population-based sample of smokers the level exposure to tobacco industry marketing through different channels before and after their restriction through the General Tobacco Control Law of 2008. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were analyzed from a cohort of adult smokers from four Mexican cities who were surveyed in 2007 and 2008. GEE models were estimated for each indicator of advertising and promotion exposure. RESULTS: Increases were found in report of receiving free samples of tobacco (3.7-8.1%), branded clothing (3.6-6.4%), noticing tobacco industry sponsored events (1.9-4.7%) and noticing ads in bars (21.4-28%). Noticing outdoor advertising decreased over this time (54.7 a 47.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm tobacco industry shifting of marketing efforts when advertising and promotion bans are not comprehensive. There is a need to monitor compliance with marketing bans while working to make them comprehensive.

Impacto de las advertencias con pictogramas en las cajetillas de cigarrillos en México: resultados de una encuesta en fumadores de Guadalajara / Impact of cigarette package health warnings with pictures in Mexico: results from a survey of smokers in Guadalajara

OBJETIVO: Mostrar el efecto de las primeras advertencias sanitarias (AS) con pictogramas en México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Encuesta transversal en una muestra representativa de 1 765 adultos fumadores de Guadalajara, México (2010). Se estimaron modelos logísticos para determinar la asociación entre el reconocimiento de las AS con pictogramas y las variables que indican el impacto de las mismas. RESULTADOS: 58% de la población indicó haber comprado una cajetilla con AS con pictogramas. Estos fumadores expuestos reportaron pensar con mayor frecuencia en los daños que causa fumar (34 contra 25% p=0.003) y pensar en dejar de fumar (23 contra 14% p=0.001). Se observó una mayor aceptación de las AS como medio para comunicar información importante al fumador (93 contra 87% p<0.001) así como mayor aceptación de que el gobierno comunica bien sobre los daños a la salud por fumar (68 contra 55% p<0.001). CONCLUSIÓN: Las AS con pictogramas han logrado aumentar el conocimiento sobre los daños que provoca el tabaco. La recomendación es seguir desarrollando y mejorando esta intervención para coadyuvar a lograr una población informada de los riesgos del tabaco.

OBJETIVE: Evaluate the impact of the first pictorial health warning labels (HWLs) on cigarette packs in Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional survey of a representative sample of 1 765 adult smokers from Guadalajara, Mexico, 2010. Logistic regression models were estimated to determine the association between recall of having purchased a pack with a pictorial HWL and psychosocial variables indicating their impact. RESULTS: 58% reported having purchased a pack with one of the pictorial HWLs, and these were considered the exposed population. Exposed smokers reported a greater frequency of thinking about smoking-related risks (34 vs. 25% p=0.003), and thinking about quitting smoking (23 vs. 14% p=0.001). Exposure to pictorial HWLs was also associated with a greater acceptability of HWLs as a means of communicating with smokers (93 vs. 87% p<0.001), as was the perception that the government communicates well about tobacco-related health risks (68 vs. 55% p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Pictorial HWLs have made smokers think more about these risks and about quitting smoking. This policy should continue to be exploited as a cost-effective educational intervention.

O impacto da publicidade de bebidas alcoólicas sobre o consumo entre jovens: revisão da literatura internacional: [revisão] / Alcohol advertising and alcohol consumption among youngsters: review of the international literature: [review]

OBJETIVO: Problemas relacionados ao consumo de álcool são freqüentes, especialmente entre a população jovem. A publicidade de bebidas alcoólicas é um dos fatores passíveis de modificação com impacto no aumento do consumo de álcool. MÉTODO: Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica de trabalhos que investigaram de diversos pontos de vista o impacto da publicidade do álcool sobre o consumo. A busca foi feita nas bases de dados Medline, SciELO, PsychoInfo e Google Scholar no período entre 1990 e 2008 e utilizou-se a técnica de " bola de neve" para a indicação de autores mais profícuos na área. Obtiveram-se mais de uma centena de artigos. RESULTADOS: O conjunto de trabalhos aponta que fatores como exposição à publicidade e atratividade da publicidade de bebidas alcoólicas estão relacionados com uma maior expectativa de consumo futuro e com um consumo maior e mais precoce, principalmente entre adolescentes e adultos jovens. Apesar das dificuldades metodológicas, estudos econométricos mais recentes consideram que a redução e/ou banimento de publicidade teria efeito de redução do consumo de álcool. Questões referentes às bases neurofisiológicas do processo de tomada de decisões e da liberdade de escolha no contexto da exposição à publicidade também são discutidas. CONCLUSÕES: O conhecimento atual sobre o tema indica que a redução da exposição à publicidade tem impacto sobre o consumo de álcool, principalmente entre os mais jovens.

OBJECTIVE: Problems related to alcohol consumption are frequent, especially among the youth population. We analyzed advertisement as one of several modifiable factors with impact over alcohol consumption. METHOD: The authors carried out a literature review within Medline, SciELO, PsychoInfo and Google Scholar databases between 1990 and 2008, retrieving studies with different approaches of the alcohol advertisement impact on consumption. Besides, a " snowball" technique was applied to identify the most proficuous authors on the matter. Over a hundred papers were initially selected. RESULTS: The overall set of papers indicate that factors such as exposition to the advertising and attractiveness of the alcoholic beverage advertising are related with greater expectation of future consumption and with a higher and precocious consumption of alcohol, specially among adolescents and young adults. Despite methodological difficulties, recent econometrical studies indicate that reduction and/or banishment of advertising would decrease alcohol consumption. We also consider issues about the neurophysiology of decision making process and the freedom of choice in the context of exposition to advertisements. CONCLUSIONS: The current knowledge on the matter strongly suggests that a reduction of the exposition to alcohol advertisements impacts on its consumption, mainly among young populations.

Pan masala advertisements are surrogate for tobacco products.

BACKGROUND: Pan masala is a comparatively recent habit in India and is marketed with and without tobacco. Advertisements of tobacco products have been banned in India since 1st May 2004. The advertisements of plain pan masala, which continue in Indian media, have been suspected to be surrogate for tobacco products bearing the same name. The study was carried out to assess whether these advertisements were for the intended product, or for tobacco products with same brand name. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The programme of a popular television Hindi news channel was watched for a 24-h period. Programmes on the same channel and its English counterpart were watched on different days to assess whether the advertisements were repeated. The total duration of telecast of a popular brand of plain pan masala (Pan Parag) was multiplied by the rate charged by the channel to provide the cost of advertisement of this product. The total sale value of the company was multiplied by the proportion of usage of plain pan masala out of gutka plus pan masala habit as observed from a different study, to provide the annual sale value of plain pan masala product under reference. RESULTS: The annual sale value of plain Pan Parag was estimated to be Rs. 67.1 million. The annual cost of the advertisement of the same product on two television channels was estimated at Rs. 244.6 million. CONCLUSION: The advertisements of plain pan masala seen on Indian television are a surrogate for the tobacco products bearing the same name.

Pharmaceutical drug promotion: how it is being practiced in India?

The pharmaceutical industries (PI) throughout the World are heavily involved in aggressive drug promotions, with a clear aim to change the prescribing habits of physicians and to encourage the self-medication of patients. Broadly, drug promotion refers to all the informational and persuasive activities of the PI, the effect of which is to induce prescription, supply, purchase, and use of medicinal drugs. It includes the activities of medical representatives, drug advertisements to physicians, provision of gifts and samples, drug package inserts, direct-to-consumer advertisements, periodicals, telemarketing, holding of conferences, symposium and scientific meetings, sponsoring of medical education and conduct of promotional trials. The PI has the right to promote its products, but it should do so in a fair, accurate, and ethical manner. The promotional claims need to be reliable, truthful, informative, balanced, up-to-date, and capable of substantiation in good taste. However, now a days, whilst the promotional methods have become very sophisticated and effective, it was found that while promoting their products, the PI does not adhere to these ethical principles. Hence, in most situations, these lead to irrational use of drugs. This unfortunate situation could be tackled only by the multiple prong strategy involving government, PI, doctors, medical associations and consumers. The government is required to formulate some guidelines in addition to developing their own code. The doctors and consumers are required to be educated on the promotional practices and abuses committed by the PI and different ways to tackle those. Various medical and consumer groups should also intervene to improve the scenario of promotion.

Visäo sistêmica da embalagem de alimentos no processo da comunicaçäo: um estudo exploratório sobre a visäo empresarial e a do consumidor / Systemic view of food packaging in the communication process: an exploratory research about both entreprenial and consumer understandings

Analisa o setor de embalagem de alimentos sob a ótica de uma abordagem sistêmica. Considera a embalagem influente veículo de comunicaçäo durante processo da comercializaçäo de um produto. Considerando a natureza do problema e os objetivos do trabalho, realiza uma pesquisa exploratória para analisar a compreensäo empresarial e a do consumidor sobre a embalagem de alimentos. Foi desenvolvido um estudo de caso com empresas produtoras de iogurte comercializado no Município de Säo Paulo. Usuários compradores e consumidores de iogurte foram entrevistados para avaliar sua opiniäo referente ao nível de informaçäo fornecida pelas embalagens de iogurte. A abordagem sistêmica contribuiu para o reconhecimento de eventuais lacunas existentes no processo da comunicaçäo, tendo surgido alternativas que podem fortalecer a cadeia produtor/produto/consumidor. Conclui que uma abordagem sistêmica para o desenvolvimento da embalagem poderá contribuir para facilitar esse processo